— APPENDIX TO FILE № 03 / 01
Appendix to file № 03 / 01. A chronological registry of what has happened in Russia and in its name across twenty-six years of continuous power under V. V. Putin — wars, dead opponents, ICC indictments, criminal cases for speech, exile, internet blocks.
Each entry is a documented fact with its source: court rulings, investigations by independent outlets, reports from international institutions. No editorialising.
— SECTION I
Five wars across twenty-six years of continuous power. Each one announced as an internal matter, a peacekeeping operation, or a defence of compatriots.
September 1999
Moscow · Buynaksk · Volgodonsk
Series of apartment-building bombings; more than 300 dead.
The authorities attributed the bombings to Chechen militants and used them as the casus belli for the Second Chechen War. FSB officer Alexander Litvinenko and historian Yuri Felshtinsky later published an investigation pointing to FSB involvement; the charge has neither been proven nor refuted in court.
— Source: Litvinenko & Felshtinsky · Novaya Gazeta · The Moscow Times
October 1999 — April 2009
Chechen Republic
The Second Chechen War.
The Russian army storms Grozny from October 1999 through February 2000. Memorial and Human Rights Watch estimate tens of thousands of civilians killed and up to 250,000 displaced. The European Court of Human Rights has since issued more than 280 rulings against Russia for torture, extrajudicial executions, and enforced disappearances.
— Source: Memorial · Human Rights Watch · ECtHR judgements
August 2008
Georgia — South Ossetia and Abkhazia
The Five-Day Russo-Georgian War.
Russian troops enter Georgia and detach South Ossetia and Abkhazia. The EU-commissioned Tagliavini Report concludes that the escalation was triggered by Georgia, but the Russian response was disproportionate and in breach of international law.
— Source: Tagliavini Report (EU, 2009) · ICC preliminary examination
27 February — 18 March 2014
Crimea
Armed men without insignia seize the Crimean parliament; the peninsula is annexed.
Putin later publicly confirms that the unmarked «little green men» were Russian servicemen. UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/68/262 declares the «referendum» illegitimate; 100 states vote in favour, 11 against, 58 abstain.
— Source: UN General Assembly · OSCE · BBC · ICG
From April 2014
Donbas
War in the Donbas. By February 2022, more than 14,000 dead.
On 17 July 2014, Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 from Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur is shot down over Russian-proxy-controlled territory; 298 people are killed. Bellingcat and the Dutch-led Joint Investigation Team trace the missile to a Buk system of the 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade of the Russian Armed Forces.
— Source: JIT (Netherlands) · Bellingcat · UN OHCHR
From September 2015
Syria
Russia enters the Syrian civil war on the side of Bashar al-Assad.
Airwars and Amnesty International document deliberate strikes on hospitals, markets, and bakeries; the UN records the destruction of at least 25 medical facilities in the 2019–2020 Idlib campaign alone.
— Source: UN COI on Syria · Amnesty International · Airwars
24 February 2022
Ukraine
Full-scale invasion of Ukraine.
The Russian army attacks from the north, east, and south. UN General Assembly Resolution ES‑11/1 condemns the aggression (141 votes in favour). By early 2026 the war is the largest land conflict in Europe since World War II; independent estimates of combined combatant casualties on both sides exceed one million.
— Source: UN General Assembly ES‑11/1 · ISW · UK MoD intelligence
30 September 2022
Moscow
Annexation of four Ukrainian regions: Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizhzhia, and Kherson.
The annexation is announced in the Kremlin while parts of these territories are not under Russian military control. UN General Assembly Resolution ES‑11/4 declares the annexation illegal (143 votes in favour).
— Source: UN General Assembly ES‑11/4 · OSCE
— SECTION II
Journalists, opposition politicians, human-rights activists, former intelligence officers. Each case has been documented by independent investigators; in most of them no Russian court has produced a verdict.
7 October 2006
Moscow
Anna Politkovskaya is shot in the entrance of her apartment building on Lesnaya Street.
A Novaya Gazeta journalist whose reporting documented the Second Chechen War. Killed on Putin's birthday. The triggermen were convicted in 2014; the person who ordered the killing has never been officially identified. In 2018 the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Russia had failed to conduct an effective investigation.
— Source: Novaya Gazeta · ECtHR · CPJ
23 November 2006
London
Alexander Litvinenko dies of polonium-210 poisoning.
A former FSB officer who had fled to the UK and publicly accused the FSB of organising the 1999 bombings. A public inquiry led by Sir Robert Owen (2016) concluded that the poisoning was «probably approved» by FSB Director Nikolai Patrushev and President Putin.
— Source: Litvinenko Inquiry (UK, 2016) · BBC
15 July 2009
Grozny
Natalya Estemirova, a Memorial researcher, is abducted and killed.
Estemirova had documented abductions and torture in Chechnya. She was kidnapped in the morning; her body was found that evening in Ingushetia. The Russian criminal investigation has not produced a single conviction.
— Source: Memorial · Human Rights Watch · The Guardian
19 January 2009
Moscow
Lawyer Stanislav Markelov and journalist Anastasia Baburova are shot dead in central Moscow.
Markelov represented the families of victims in Chechnya. Members of a neo-Nazi group were convicted as the perpetrators in 2011; the question of links between them and Russian security services was not investigated.
— Source: Novaya Gazeta · Russian Memorial
27 February 2015
Moscow · Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge
Boris Nemtsov is shot dead 200 metres from the Kremlin.
A former deputy prime minister and co-founder of the opposition party PARNAS, Nemtsov was preparing a report on Russian troops in the Donbas. Five Chechen citizens were convicted as the perpetrators in 2017; no organiser has been officially identified.
— Source: Novaya Gazeta · Reuters · The Insider
4 March 2018
Salisbury, United Kingdom
Sergei and Yulia Skripal are poisoned with the nerve agent Novichok.
Sergei Skripal is a former GRU officer who had been exchanged for Russian spies in 2010. The UK government and Bellingcat traced the attack to GRU officers from Unit 29155. The Skripals survived; British citizen Dawn Sturgess died after coming into contact with a discarded perfume bottle.
— Source: UK Government · Bellingcat · The Insider
20 August 2020
Tomsk → Berlin · Charité hospital
Alexei Navalny is poisoned with Novichok.
The German Bundeswehr and three independent OPCW laboratories confirm the nerve agent. A joint investigation by Bellingcat, The Insider, CNN, and Der Spiegel identifies eight FSB officers who had tailed Navalny for years; one of them, in a recorded call, confirms the operational details.
— Source: Bellingcat · The Insider · OPCW · Charité
23 August 2023
Tver Region
An Embraer Legacy carrying Yevgeny Prigozhin and the Wagner Group leadership crashes; all ten people on board are killed.
Exactly two months after the short Wagner mutiny of 23–24 June. Investigative outlets agree that the aircraft was brought down deliberately; Russian authorities deny any involvement.
— Source: WSJ · The Insider · Bellingcat · Reuters
16 February 2024
IK-3 «Polar Wolf» penal colony, Kharp, Yamalo-Nenets
Alexei Navalny is found dead in an Arctic special-regime penal colony. He was 47.
His body was held for more than two weeks; it was released to his mother only after a public campaign. Days later, the U.S. administration formally attributed responsibility for his death to the Russian authorities.
— Source: OVD-Info · Memorial · The White House · BBC
— SECTION III
Deliberate strikes on civilian infrastructure, mass killings, child deportations. Every entry is documented by the UN Human Rights Monitoring Mission or the International Criminal Court.
9 March 2022
Mariupol · Maternity Hospital № 3
Russian airstrike on a working maternity hospital and children's clinic.
According to the Mariupol city council, three were killed and 17 wounded, including women in late stages of pregnancy. AP photographer Evgeniy Maloletka's images of the evacuation were carried by news outlets worldwide.
— Source: AP · UN OHCHR · Mariupol City Council
16 March 2022
Mariupol · Drama Theatre
A Russian air-bomb hits the Mariupol Drama Theatre, where up to 1,300 civilians were sheltering. The word «CHILDREN» (ДЕТИ) had been chalked outside in letters visible from the air.
An Amnesty International investigation (2022), drawing on satellite imagery, eyewitness testimony, and engineering analysis, classifies the strike as a likely war crime. AP estimates at least 600 dead.
— Source: Amnesty International · AP · UN OHCHR
March–April 2022
Bucha, Kyiv Oblast
After the Russian withdrawal, at least 458 dead civilians are found in Bucha.
Bodies are found with bound hands, marks of torture, and gunshot wounds to the back of the head. Investigations by The New York Times, Bellingcat, and the BBC, using intercepted communications and satellite data, identified units of the 64th Motor Rifle Brigade of the Russian Armed Forces. The ICC opened a formal investigation.
— Source: ICC · NYT · Bellingcat · UN OHCHR
27 June 2022
Kremenchuk · «Amstor» shopping centre
A Russian cruise missile strikes a working shopping centre in Kremenchuk.
At least 21 killed, more than 60 wounded. The site had clear civilian markings.
— Source: UN OHCHR · Reuters · BBC
17 March 2023
The Hague · International Criminal Court
The ICC issues arrest warrants for Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova.
The charge: unlawful deportation and transfer of Ukrainian children from occupied territories to Russia. Ukrainian authorities and Yale Humanitarian Research Lab estimate that at least 19,000 children have been affected.
— Source: ICC · Yale HRL · UN OHCHR
6 June 2023
Kakhovka HPP, Kherson Oblast
The Kakhovka Hydroelectric Power Plant, under Russian military control, is destroyed. Fifty thousand hectares are flooded.
At least 58 dead according to Ukrainian sources; dozens of villages destroyed. A New York Times investigation (June 2023) drawing on engineering analysis concludes that the dam was most likely destroyed by explosives placed in its internal gallery by Russian forces.
— Source: NYT · UN OHCHR · Wilson Center
8 July 2024
Kyiv · «Okhmatdyt» children's hospital
A Russian cruise missile strikes Ukraine's largest children's hospital.
Two killed on the hospital grounds; the paediatric oncology and toxicology wings are destroyed. UN and independent debris analysis identifies the projectile as a Russian Kh-101 cruise missile.
— Source: UN OHCHR · BBC · Reuters
— SECTION IV
A foreign-agent registry, the liquidation of the country's oldest human-rights organisation, six criminal-code articles to criminalise public speech about the war.
6 May 2012
Moscow · Bolotnaya Square
The «March of Millions», on the eve of Putin's inauguration for a third term, is dispersed.
The «Bolotnoye delo» case is opened; more than 30 people receive prison sentences. It is the first mass criminal prosecution of protest participants since 1993.
— Source: Memorial · OVD-Info · Reuters
20 July 2012
Moscow
The law on «non-commercial organisations performing the functions of a foreign agent» is enacted.
Originally targeting NGOs, in subsequent years it was extended to media outlets (2017), individuals (2020), and any organisation (2022). By 2026 the register lists more than 700 entities.
— Source: OVD-Info · Memorial · The Insider
9 June 2021
Moscow · Moscow City Court
Alexei Navalny's organisations — FBK and the regional headquarters — are designated «extremist».
Membership, funding, and even sharing materials become criminal offences punishable by up to 10 years' imprisonment. The designation was issued by the court in a closed session.
— Source: Memorial · Meduza · BBC
28 December 2021
Moscow · Supreme Court
The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation liquidates Memorial International.
The country's oldest human-rights organisation, founded in 1989 by Andrei Sakharov and others, is liquidated two months before the full-scale invasion. In 2022 — after its forced dissolution — Memorial was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
— Source: Supreme Court of RF · Memorial · NYT
4 March 2022
Moscow · State Duma
Criminal Code Articles 207.3 and 280.3 are introduced.
Article 207.3 — «public dissemination of knowingly false information» about the armed forces, up to 15 years. Article 280.3 — «public actions aimed at discrediting» the armed forces, up to 7 years. The bill was passed in a week; the first sentences came down within a month.
— Source: OVD-Info · Memorial · The Bell
December 2022
Moscow · State Duma
The maximum sentence under Article 275 of the Criminal Code («state treason») is raised to life imprisonment.
At the same time, a law is enacted that broadens the «foreign agent» status, allowing any individual or entity «under foreign influence» to be so designated.
— Source: Russian Criminal Code · OVD-Info · BBC
27 February 2024
Syzran Garrison Military Court
Oleg Orlov, co-chair of Memorial, is sentenced to two and a half years in a penal colony for «discrediting» the armed forces.
The basis was an article published on Mediapart in which Orlov called Russia «fascist». He was freed in a prisoner exchange in August 2024.
— Source: Memorial · OVD-Info · Reuters
— SECTION V
Independent estimates put the post-24 February 2022 exodus from Russia at between 1.5 and 2 million people. Activists, journalists, human-rights defenders, software engineers, scientists, artists, men eligible for mobilisation — and ordinary citizens who opposed the war and refused to participate in it, either directly or through silence.
March 2022
Moscow
Most independent Russian outlets cease publication inside the country.
Echo of Moscow, TV Rain (Dozhd), Novaya Gazeta, and Mediazona are suspended or forced to halt operations inside Russia. Several resume publication from exile (Latvia, Germany, Georgia).
— Source: CPJ · Reporters Without Borders · Meduza
21 September 2022
Russian Federation
«Partial mobilisation» is announced. In the first days, between 700,000 and 1 million men leave Russia.
The Georgian and Kazakh land borders see queues stretching for several days; flights to visa-free destinations sell out within hours. Forbes Russia estimates that more than $4 billion in assets left the country along with the emigrants.
— Source: Forbes Russia · Reuters · The Bell
2023
Russia
According to OK Russians and independent demographers, between 800,000 and 1 million people leave the country in the first year of the war alone.
By 2024 the Russian government officially acknowledges a «brain drain»; the shortage of engineers and medical staff exceeds one million.
— Source: OK Russians · Re: Russia · Vedomosti
2022–2024
Among those who have left Russia: Alexei Navalny's team, Pussy Riot, Kirill Serebrennikov, Boris Akunin, Dmitry Glukhovsky, Maksim Galkin, Alla Pugacheva, the leadership of every independent news outlet.
Most have been designated «foreign agents»; several face criminal charges in absentia.
— Source: Meduza · The Insider · OVD-Info
— SECTION VI
Twenty years of consistent construction of a controlled domestic internet — from the Yarovaya laws to the throttling of YouTube and the criminalisation of circumvention.
April 2014
St Petersburg / Moscow
Pavel Durov is forced out of VKontakte and leaves Russia.
Durov states publicly that he refused to hand FSB the data of Ukrainian protest organisers; control of VK passes to entities affiliated with the Kremlin.
— Source: Pavel Durov (public statement) · Reuters · Bloomberg
7 July 2016
Moscow
The Yarovaya laws are signed into force.
Telecom operators and online services are required to store user traffic for up to six months and to surrender encryption keys to the FSB. Telegram refused; it was blocked in 2018 and unblocked in 2020 after negotiations.
— Source: Russian Federal Law 374-FZ · Reuters · The Insider
May 2019
Moscow
The «sovereign internet» law (90-FZ) is enacted.
The law authorises Roskomnadzor to unilaterally route traffic through state-controlled exchanges, capable of disconnecting Russia from the global network. Deep-packet-inspection equipment — known as TSPU — is installed at every Russian telecom operator.
— Source: Federal Law 90-FZ · Meduza · Re: Russia
4 March 2022
Moscow · Roskomnadzor
Facebook and Twitter are blocked.
On 21 March 2022, the Tverskoy Court designates Meta an «extremist organisation»; Instagram is blocked. WhatsApp receives a specific exemption.
— Source: Roskomnadzor · Reuters · Meduza
August 2024
Russian Federation
YouTube traffic is throttled to roughly 10% of bandwidth.
Roskomnadzor does not officially confirm a block, but independent measurements by OONI and Censored Planet record deliberate throttling. YouTube becomes the first major foreign platform to be effectively blocked in Russia.
— Source: OONI · Censored Planet · The Bell
December 2024
Moscow · State Duma
Promotion of tools for circumventing internet blocks (VPNs) is criminalised.
Amendments to the Code of Administrative Offences and the Criminal Code introduce fines and criminal liability for advertising VPN services and promoting methods to access blocked resources. The number of VPN users in Russia is estimated at 30–50 million.
— Source: Roskomsvoboda · Meduza · OONI
— END OF RECORD
The registry does not claim to be exhaustive. It is a cross-section of documented events — a sample of cases supported by more than one independent source. The record is updated as further investigations are published.